Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers¶
Why this mattered¶
TBD
Abstract¶
Graphene is the two-dimensional building block for carbon allotropes of every other dimensionality. We show that its electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers. The D peak second order changes in shape, width, and position for an increasing number of layers, reflecting the change in the electron bands via a double resonant Raman process. The G peak slightly down-shifts. This allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area.
Related¶
- cite → Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films — Ferrari et al. use the atomically thin carbon films work as the source of isolated graphene samples whose Raman signatures they characterize.
- cite → Raman Spectrum of Graphite — Ferrari et al. compare graphene's Raman G and 2D bands against Tuinstra and Koenig's foundational graphite Raman spectrum.
- cite → Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene — The Raman graphene paper cites the quantum Hall and Berry-phase observation as evidence that monolayer graphene has a distinct electronic structure.
- cite → Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene — The Raman graphene paper cites the massless Dirac fermion work to connect layer-dependent Raman features with graphene's Dirac electronic bands.
- cite → Two-dimensional atomic crystals — Ferrari et al. rely on the two-dimensional atomic crystals paper for the broader demonstration that isolated graphene layers are stable crystals.
- cite → Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon — Ferrari et al. use the disordered-carbon Raman interpretation to distinguish graphene's intrinsic Raman peaks from disorder-induced D-band features.
- cite ← Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils — Copper-foil graphene synthesis uses Raman spectroscopy from Ferrari et al. to assess graphene layer number, quality, and defects.
- cite ← Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene — The graphene mechanics paper cites Raman spectroscopy of graphene layers as a method for identifying monolayer graphene and assessing sample quality.
- enables ← Raman Spectrum of Graphite — The graphite Raman G-band characterization provided the spectral baseline used to identify and compare Raman features of graphene layers.
- enables ← Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon — Ferrari and Robertson's interpretation of carbon disorder Raman bands helped assign graphene's D, G, and 2D peaks to structure and layer-dependent electronic resonances.